Constipation

Constipation refers to infrequent or difficult bowel movements, typically fewer than three times per week. It often involves:

• Abdominal discomfort or bloating
• Hard, dry, or lumpy stools
• Straining during bowel movements
• A feeling of incomplete evacuation

Causes of Constipation:

1. Dietary Factors

• Low fiber intake
• Inadequate fluid consumption
• Excessive intake of dairy or processed foods

2. Lifestyle Factors

• Physical inactivity or sedentary lifestyle
• Ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement

3. Medical Conditions

• Hypothyroidism
• Diabetes
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis)
• Colorectal disorders (e.g., strictures, tumors)

4. Medications

• Opioids
• Antacids containing aluminum or calcium
• Antidepressants (especially tricyclics)
• Antihypertensives (e.g., calcium channel blockers)
• Iron supplements

5. Hormonal Changes

• Pregnancy
• Menopause

Risk Factors:

• Individuals with mental health issues such as anxiety or depression
• People with low fiber diets
• Women, especially during pregnancy or hormonal changes
• Older adults (due to slower metabolism, less physical activity, and more medications)
• People with chronic medical conditions (neurological, metabolic, gastrointestinal)

Treatment of Constipation:

Lifestyle and Dietary Changes

• Respond promptly to bowel urges
• Establish a bowel routine: Set regular times, especially after meals
• Exercise regularly
• Stay hydrated: Drink adequate water dail
• Increase dietary fiber: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes

Treatments

• Fiber supplements: Psyllium (e.g., Metamucil)
• Stool softeners: Docusate sodium
• Osmotic laxatives: Polyethylene glycol (Miralax), lactulose
• Stimulant laxatives: Bisacodyl, senna (for short-term use)