Cystitis

Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder—usually due to an infection—commonly referred to as a bladder infection.

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Overview

Cystitis is a form of lower urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects only the bladder. It involves inflammation, often from bacteria.

Causes

  • Bacterial infection (90–95% of cases), most often Escherichia coli entering via the urethra 
  • Non-infenctious sources
  1. Irritating hygiene products, perfumed soaps, bubble baths, spermicide
  2. Radiation, certain drugs, long-term catheter use 
  3. Structural urinary issues (stones, obstructions) 

Risk Factors


In women:

  • Shorter urethra, anatomical proximity to the anus
  • Sex activity, especially with spermicide or diaphragm use 
  • Pregnancy, menopause, diabetes, weakened immunity 


Symptoms:

  • Burning or stinging during urination
  • Frequent, urgent, or passing small amounts of urine
  • Cloudy, dark, strong‑smelling urine; sometimes blood in urine
  • Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
  • Occasionally low-grade fever, feeling generally unwell 


Diagnosis:

  • Based on symptoms and medical history
  • Urinalysis and urine culture confirm presence of bacteria, white/red blood cells, nitrites 

Treatment:

Bacterial Cystitis:

  • Symptom relief: painkillers (ibuprofen, paracetamol)
  • Antibiotics; commonly nitrofurantoin, typically 3–7 days, sometimes a single dose 

Non-Infectious Cystitis:

  • Remove irritants (e.g., scented products), manage underlying causes
  • Interstitial cystitis is chronic; managed through specialist care, lifestyle changes
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