Cystitis

Cystitis is a form of lower urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects only the bladder. It involves inflammation, often from bacteria.

Causes

• Bacterial infection (90–95% of cases), most often Escherichia coli entering via the urethra 

• Non-infenctious sources

1. Irritating hygiene products, perfumed soaps, bubble baths, spermicide
2. Radiation, certain drugs, long-term catheter use 
3. Structural urinary issues (stones, obstructions) 

Risk Factors

In women:

• Shorter urethra, anatomical proximity to the anus
• Sex activity, especially with spermicide or diaphragm use 
• Pregnancy, menopause, diabetes, weakened immunity 

Symptoms:

• Burning or stinging during urination
• Frequent, urgent, or passing small amounts of urine
• Cloudy, dark, strong‑smelling urine; sometimes blood in urine
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
• Occasionally low-grade fever, feeling generally unwell 

Diagnosis:

• Based on symptoms and medical history
• Urinalysis and urine culture confirm presence of bacteria, white/red blood cells, nitrites 

Treatment:

Bacterial Cystitis:

• Symptom relief: painkillers (ibuprofen, paracetamol)
• Antibiotics; commonly nitrofurantoin, typically 3–7 days, sometimes a single dose 

Non-Infectious Cystitis:

• Remove irritants (e.g., scented products), manage underlying causes
• Interstitial cystitis is chronic; managed through specialist care, lifestyle changes